Malawi - Poverty Headcount

Metadata also available as

Frequently-anticipated questions:


What does this data set describe?

Title: Malawi - Poverty Headcount
Abstract:
The spatial units are rural aggregated enumeration areas for Malawi. This analytical geography was created by aggregating statistical enumeration areas (EA) developed by the National Statistical Office of the government of Malawi for the 1998 National Population and Housing Census into spatial units with a minimum of 500 households. Typically two or three EAs were combined to form the aggregated EA units. The boundaries of the aggregated EAs respect the district and sub-district Traditional Authority administrative boundaries. The data in the attribute file beyond locational information is related to poverty mapping estimates made for each unit and the inputs and outputs of a geographically weighted regression analysis of the determinants of poverty prevalence in the rural aggregated EAs.
Supplemental_Information:
The initial aggregated EA geography was constructed for the entire country, both rural and urban populations. However, as it was expected that the determinants of poverty in rural and urban Malawi would differ significantly, here our focus is only on rural aggregated EAs. Note, however, that urban centers in rural areas are included here. Only the four major urban centers of Malawi - Blantyre, Zomba, Lilongwe, and Mzuzu - do not feature in this coverage, together with relatively unpopulated areas - national parks and forest reserves.
  1. How should this data set be cited?

    International Food Policy Research Institute, 2004, Malawi - Poverty Headcount.

    Online Links:

    Other_Citation_Details:
    Benson, Todd, Jordan Chamberlin and Ingrid Rhinehart. 2005. An investigation of the spatial determinants of the local prevalence of poverty in rural Malawi. Food Policy. 30(5-6) :532-550.

  2. What geographic area does the data set cover?

    West_Bounding_Coordinate: 32.666087
    East_Bounding_Coordinate: 35.950624
    North_Bounding_Coordinate: -9.333756
    South_Bounding_Coordinate: -17.119750

  3. What does it look like?

    <http://gisweb.ciat.cgiar.org/metadata/gifs/malawi_ruralaggreg.gif> (GIF)
    Rural aggregated enumeration areas for Malawi, 1998

  4. Does the data set describe conditions during a particular time period?

    Calendar_Date: 1998
    Currentness_Reference: ground condition

  5. What is the general form of this data set?

    Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: vector digital data

  6. How does the data set represent geographic features?

    1. How are geographic features stored in the data set?

      Indirect_Spatial_Reference: Malawi, rural aggregated enumeration areas
      This is a Vector data set. It contains the following vector data types (SDTS terminology):
      • G-polygon (3004)

    2. What coordinate system is used to represent geographic features?

      The map projection used is Transverse Mercator.

      Projection parameters:
      Scale_Factor_at_Central_Meridian: 0.999600
      Longitude_of_Central_Meridian: 33.000000
      Latitude_of_Projection_Origin: -90.000000
      False_Easting: 500000.000000
      False_Northing: 0.000000

      Planar coordinates are encoded using coordinate pair
      Abscissae (x-coordinates) are specified to the nearest 0.002048
      Ordinates (y-coordinates) are specified to the nearest 0.002048
      Planar coordinates are specified in meters

      The horizontal datum used is D_GRS_1980.
      The ellipsoid used is Geodetic Reference System 80.
      The semi-major axis of the ellipsoid used is 6378137.000000.
      The flattening of the ellipsoid used is 1/298.257222.

  7. How does the data set describe geographic features?

    MalawiCaseStudy
    Aggregated statistical enumeration areas for rural Malawi (Source: T. Benson; International Food Policy Research Institute; Washington, DC; USA)

    FID
    Internal feature number. (Source: ESRI)

    Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated.

    Shape
    Feature geometry. (Source: ESRI)

    Coordinates defining the features.

    SEQNO
    Unique sequential number identifier for each aggregated EA (Source: IFPRI - International Food Policy Research Institute)

    Coordinates defining the features.

    AGGREA
    Unique aggregated EA identifier (Source: Combination of NSO district code and SEQNO)

    Coordinates defining the features.

    NUMHH
    Number of households in aggregated EA (Source: 1998 Census results)

    Coordinates defining the features.

    MEANY
    Mean household welfare indicator (total daily household consumption and expenditure per capita in March 1998 Malawi Kwacha) (Source: Result of poverty mapping exercise)

    Coordinates defining the features.

    SEMEANY
    Standard error on mean household welfare indicator estimate (Source: Result of poverty mapping exercise)

    Coordinates defining the features.

    GINI
    Gini index of consumption inequality (Source: Result of poverty mapping exercise)

    Coordinates defining the features.

    SEGINI
    Standard error on Gini index of consumption inequality estimate (Source: Result of poverty mapping exercise)

    Coordinates defining the features.

    FGT_0
    Poverty headcount (proportion of all individuals whose level of consumption is below the basic-needs poverty line) (Source: Result of poverty mapping exercise)

    Coordinates defining the features.

    SEFGT_0
    Standard error of poverty headcount estimate (Source: Result of poverty mapping exercise)

    Coordinates defining the features.

    FGT_1
    Poverty gap estimate (Source: Result of poverty mapping exercise)

    Coordinates defining the features.

    SEFGT_1
    Standard error of poverty gap estimate (Source: Result of poverty mapping exercise)

    Coordinates defining the features.

    FGT_2
    Poverty severity index (squared poverty gap) estimate (Source: Result of poverty mapping exercise)

    Coordinates defining the features.

    SEFGT_2
    Standard error of poverty severity index estimate (Source: Result of poverty mapping exercise)

    Coordinates defining the features.

    DEPRATIO
    Dependency ratio, [total aged under 15 and over 65 years divided by TOTAL pop.] (Source: 1998 Population and Housing Census analysis)

    Coordinates defining the features.

    MAXED
    Mean maximum educational attainment level in households (years of school completed) (Source: 1998 Population and Housing Census analysis)

    Coordinates defining the features.

    POPDENS
    Population density, [persons/km2] (Source: 1998 Population and Housing Census analysis)

    Coordinates defining the features.

    ADM2NAME
    Name of secondt-level division (district) (Source: IFPRI - International Food Policy Research Institute)

    Coordinates defining the features.

    ADM2CODE
    Second-level code (Source: IFPRI - International Food Policy Research Institute)

    Coordinates defining the features.

    ADM3NAME
    Name of third-level division (sub-district) (Source: IFPRI - International Food Policy Research Institute)

    Coordinates defining the features.

    ADM3CODE
    Third-level code (Source: IFPRI - International Food Policy Research Institute)

    Coordinates defining the features.

    NUMPER
    Number of Persons in aggregated EA (Source: 1998 Population and Housing Census analysis)

    Coordinates defining the features.

    ACCESO
    Average travel time in hours to nearest sub-district market center (Source: Result of poverty mapping exercise)

    Coordinates defining the features.

    Entity_and_Attribute_Overview:
    Each unit is uniquely identified using the SEQNO field or the AGGREA field which includes the SEQNO and DISCODE information. The administrative hierarchy within which the aggregated EA is located is the Traditional Authority (TA & TACODE) and district (DISTRICT & DISCODE). The X and Y variables provide the geographical location of the aggregated EA polygon centerpoints The other attribute information comes from a range of sources: 1) 1998 Census results - NUMHH & NUMPERS variables; 2) the results of the poverty mapping exercise to compute poverty, welfare, and inequality estimates for each aggregated EAs - MEANY to ULTSEFGT_0; 3) a range of variables considered as explanatory variables of poverty that were extracted from a wide range of spatial datasets for Malawi - CLIOPT5PRE to RD_WT_PAV; and 4) the results of a geographically weighted regression analysis of the determinants of poverty prevalence in the rural aggregated EAs of Malawi - ID to LOCRSQ. Key citations for poverty mapping method: Elbers, C.; J. Lanjouw; and P. Lanjouw. 2003. Micro-level estimation of poverty and inequality. Econometrica. 71(1): 355-364. Elbers, C.; J. Lanjouw; and P. Lanjouw. 2000. Welfare in villages and towns: Micro-measurement of poverty and inequality. Tinbergen Institute Discussion Papers 2000-029/2. Tinbergen Institute, Amsterdam and Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Photocopy. Key citation for geographically weighted regression method: Fotheringham, A.S.; C. Brunsdon; & M. Charlton. 2002. Geographically Weighted Regression - The Analysis of Spatially Varying Relationships. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons. The geographically weighted regression whose results are presented here involved the use of a Gaussian spatial weighting scheme based on the 347 nearest aggregated EAs.
    Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation: None


Who produced the data set?

  1. Who are the originators of the data set? (may include formal authors, digital compilers, and editors)

  2. Who also contributed to the data set?

    This coverage was developed by Todd Benson of the International Food Policy Research Institute from a shapefile of the 1998 Census Enumeration Areas that was prepared for the Malawi National Statistical Office.

  3. To whom should users address questions about the data?

    Todd Benson
    International Food Policy Research Institute
    Research Fellow
    2033 K Street, NW
    Washington, DC 20006
    USA

    +1-202-862-5667 (voice)
    +1-202-467-4439 (FAX)
    t.benson@cgiar.org


Why was the data set created?

The aggregated EAs were developed for a poverty mapping analysis. This analysis used detailed household data from the 1997-98 Malawi Integrated Household Survey (IHS) to develop models of household welfare that employed only those explanatory variables that could also be found in the 1998 Census. These models were then used with the Census data to make small-area estimates of welfare and poverty across the country. The method used has been shown elsewhere to provide quite reliable estimates of welfare and poverty for populations as small as 500 households - hence the 500 household population threshold used to construct the aggregated EA geography. (More recent analyses undertaken after the aggregated EA geography had been completed, suggests that the 500 household threshold may be overambitious, and the poverty mapping estimation method should only be employed with somewhat larger populations of 1,000 to 20,000 in size.) Welfare, poverty, and inequality estimates were made for the population in each aggregated EA. The analysis presented here then attempts to explain the spatial patterns in estimated poverty prevalence using a range of other spatial data.


How was the data set created?

  1. From what previous works were the data drawn?

    Malawi Poverty Headcount (source 1 of 1)
    Malawi National Statistical Office, 1998, Malawi NSO 1998 Census enumeration area maps.

    Other_Citation_Details:
    These maps - produced at 1:50,000 scale for rural areas and 1:25,000 and 1:10,000 scales for urban areas - were digitized by Mr. Jeff Mzembe of the National Survey Department of the government of Malawi as part of a project funded by the Japanese aid organization, JICA. Dr. Dai Hozumi coordinated this project under JICA.
    Type_of_Source_Media: paper
    Source_Scale_Denominator: 50000
    Source_Contribution:
    Base shapefile used to construct this coverage - the enumeration area boundaries for the 1998 Malawi Population and Housing Census - was digitized from paper maps prepared by the Cartography Unit of the Malawi National Statistical Office. These maps were produced at the 1:50,000 scale for rural areas and at the 1:25,000 and 1:10,000 scales for urban areas. This base shapefile was used with the ESRI ArcView Districting extension software to combine enumeration areas into the aggregated enumeration areas represented in this shapefile.

  2. How were the data generated, processed, and modified?

    Date: 2002 (process 1 of 1)
    Base shapefile used to construct this coverage - the enumeration area boundaries for the 1998 Malawi Population and Housing Census - was digitized from paper maps prepared by the Cartography Unit of the Malawi National Statistical Office. These maps were produced at the 1:50,000 scale for rural areas and at the 1:25,000 and 1:10,000 scales for urban areas. This base shapefile was used with the ESRI ArcView Districting extension software to combine enumeration areas into aggregated enumeration areas for the entire country. These aggregated enumeration areas were constructed using a household population criterion of a minimum population of 500 households. Moreover, the boundaries of the aggregated enumeration areas respected the Traditional Authority (sub-district administrative unit) and district boundaries. This shapefile was derived from the full national aggregated EA shapefile, by excluding aggregated EAs from the four major urban centers of Malawi - Blantyre, Zomba, Lilongwe, and Mzuzu, as well as protected areas with small populations - national parks and forest reserves.

  3. What similar or related data should the user be aware of?

    International Food Policy Research Institute, 20051201, Poverty Headcount.

    Online Links:

    Other_Citation_Details:
    Benson, Todd, Jordan Chamberlin and Ingrid Rhinehart. 2005. An investigation of the spatial determinants of the local prevalence of poverty in rural Malawi. Food Policy. 30(5-6) :532-550.


How reliable are the data; what problems remain in the data set?

  1. How well have the observations been checked?

    Each unit is uniquely identified using the SEQNO field or the AGGREA field which includes the SEQNO and DISCODE information. The administrative hierarchy within which the aggregated EA is located is the Traditional Authority (TA & TACODE) and district (DISTRICT & DISCODE). The other attribute information comes from a range of sources: 1) the results of the poverty mapping exercise to compute poverty, welfare, and inequality estimates for each aggregated EAs, 2) a range of variables considered as explanatory variables of poverty that were extracted from a wide range of spatial datasets for Malawi, and 3) the results of a geographically weighted regression analysis of the determinants of poverty prevalence in the rural aggregated EAs of Malawi.

  2. How accurate are the geographic locations?

    No formal positional accuracy tests were undertaken.

  3. How accurate are the heights or depths?

    No formal positional accuracy tests were undertaken.

  4. Where are the gaps in the data? What is missing?

    None

  5. How consistent are the relationships among the observations, including topology?

    No formal logical consistency tests undertaken. This is a coverage derived from an earlier 1998 Malawi census enumeration area boundary coverage that was digitized from 1:50,000; 1:25,000, and 1:10,000 scale maps and was subjected to quite rigorous auditing of both the spatial structure and the attributes for each polygon.


How can someone get a copy of the data set?

Are there legal restrictions on access or use of the data?

Access_Constraints:
This is an international public good. The only expectation on accessing it for use is that acknowledgement be made of the following institutions when results are presented: National Statistical Office Government of Malawi PO Box 333 Zomba, Malawi & International Food Policy Research Institute 2033 K Street, NW Washington, DC 20006 USA This coverage was developed by Todd Benson of the International Food Policy Research Institute from a shapefile of the 1998 Census Enumeration Areas that was prepared for the Malawi National Statistical Office.
Use_Constraints:
This is an international public good. The only expectation on its use is that acknowledgement be made of: National Statistical Office Government of Malawi PO Box 333 Zomba, Malawi & International Food Policy Research Institute 2033 K Street, NW Washington, DC 20006 USA

  1. Who distributes the data set? (Distributor 1 of 1)

    Todd Benson
    International Food Policy Research Institute
    Research Fellow
    2033 K St. NW
    Washington, DC 20006
    USA

    +1-202-862-5667 (voice)
    +1-202-467-4439 (FAX)
    t.benson@cgiar.org

  2. What's the catalog number I need to order this data set?

    Aggregated enumeration areas for rural Malawi - determinants of poverty prevalence analysis

  3. What legal disclaimers am I supposed to read?

    Distributor assumes no liability for the use of this data product.

  4. How can I download or order the data?


Who wrote the metadata?

Dates:
Last modified: 01-Mar-2006
Metadata author:
Todd Benson
International Food Policy Research Institute
Research Fellow
2033 K Street, NW
Washington, DC 20006
USA

+1-202-862-5667 (voice)
+1-202-467-4439 (FAX)
t.benson@cgiar.org

Metadata standard:
FGDC Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata (FGDC-STD-001-1998)
Metadata extensions used:


Generated by mp version 2.8.18 on Wed Mar 01 15:22:24 2006