Identified gaps for Phaseolus genepool

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El género Phaseolus comprende alrededor de 50 especies (Debouck, 1988), en donde las especies P. vulgaris (frijol común), P. coccineus (ayocote), P. acutifolius (frijol tépari), P. dumosus (frijol cacha) y P. lunatus (frijol Lima) corresponden a las especies cultivadas. La organización de la diversidad genética en el género Phaseolus está basada en la habilidad de las especies de cruzarse con P. vulgaris, se ha sugerido que tal organización está dividida en cuatro acervos genéticos diferentes de acuerdo a relaciones filogenéticas (Smartt, 1980; Singh and Jauhar, 2005), como se muestra en la siguiente tabla:

We have gathered data from different sources: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF), the System-wide Information Network for Genetic Resources (SINGER) and the Genetic Resources Information Network (GRIN). We found data for 70 wild species and 14 infraspecific taxa, accounting to a total of 84 taxa for analysis.

The analysis dataset (download) contained 5,146 observations, with 2,879 (56%) being herbarium specimens and 2,267 (44%) being genebank accessions. The average number of total samples per taxon was 61 (standard deviation of 148), indicating that available data is relatively abundant, although it is concentrated in certain taxa (i.e. P. acutifolius, P. angustissimus, P. coccineus, P. filiformis, P. leptostachyus, P. lunatus, P. polystachios, P. vulgaris). Other taxa such as P. albiviolaceus (1), P. fraternus (1) and P. micranthus (1), along with others, present a very limited sampling and/or data availability and thus need further characterization and sampling for assessing a reliable ecogeographic evaluation on them.

The gap analysis of the Phaseolus genepool showed that there are 55 taxa that are either underrepresented or not represented in any way in genebanks out of the 84 taxa under analysis and these taxa were therefore flagged as high priority species. 49 of these taxa presented only 10 or less data points (sum of herbarium and germplasm), which indicate that these species in particular need to be further collected (i.e. P. albiviolaceus, P. amabilis, P. chacoensis, P. diversifolius, P. elongatus, P. fraternus, P. laxiflorus, P. micranthus, P. mollis, P. ritensis, P. opacus, P. pachycarpus). There are some taxa such as P. coccineus subsp. coccineus, P. coccineus var. griseus, P. coccineus subsp. darwinianus, P. coccineus subsp. formosus, P. coccineus subsp. striatus var. purpurascens that were flagged as high priority taxa, but they appear to be a classification issue rather than being a conservation issue (as P. coccineus was found to be well conserved ex-situ); and the same happens with P. leptostachyus var. intonsus and P. leptostachyus var. nanus.

Potential sampling zones

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Phaseolus high priority taxa were found to be mostly distributed in Central America. Zones in the map above are those in which the species is likely to exist and no genebank accessions have been collected.

Potential sampling richness

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The greatest sampling-richness was found in Mexico.

Brief description of data used in the analysis

The table below shows the number of records (herbarium, germplasm, total) used per species for the Phaseolus genepool gap analysis.

Species’ taxonomy was reviewed using Maxted and Kell (2009) as a first stage, the GRIN taxonomical review in second place. After cross-checking and correcting both synonyms and orthography of the species’ names, a thorough georeferencing process is carried out to obtain a spatially explicit database containing as many records as possible for each species. After this, records outside continental boundaries were deleted and a final dataset was produced for analyses.

These are the 34 different collections from which data were readily available:

1. Árboles de la Península de Yucatán, Flora del Distrito de Tehuantepec, Oaxaca y Familia Asteraceae en México (IBUNAM)
2. Arizona State University Vascular Plant Herbarium
3. Biodiversidad de Costa Rica
4. California State University, Chico
5. CIAT-Genetic Resources Unit
6. Colecciones de George Boole Hinton depositadas en el herbario de Kew: Familia Leguminosae
7. Daniel Debouck - Cahiers de Phaséologie
8. DAO Herbarium Type Specimens
9. Ejemplares tipo de plantas vasculares del Herbario de la Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, México (ENCB, IPN)
10. Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden Virtual Herbarium Darwin Core format
11. Freytag and Debouck (2002)
12. GRIN
13. Harvard University Herbaria
14. Herbario de la Universidad de Arizona, EUA
15. Herbario del Instituto de Ecología, A.C., México (IE-BAJIO)
16. Herbarium (UNA)
17. Herbarium de Geo. B. Hinton, México
18. Herbier de la Guyane
19. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales
20. ITIS
21. Missouri Botanical Garden
22. National Botanic Garden of Belgium (NBGB)
23. National Vegetable Germplasm Bank, Mexico (BANGEV)
24. Native Seeds/SEARCH (NSS)
25. New York Botanical Garden (NYBG)
26. NMNH Botany Collections
27. Phanerogamie
28. Repatriación de datos del Herbario de Arizona (ARIZ)
29. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
30. The AAU Herbarium Database
31. The Deaver Herbarium, Northern Arizona University
32. United States National Plant Germplasm System Collection
33. USDA PLANTS Database
34. Vascular Plant Type Specimens

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